Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said, who ruled Oman from 1970 until his death in January 2020, is remembered as a visionary leader and reformer who transformed the sultanate into a modern and prosperous state. In fact, his experience as a ruler is the foundation of the Oman Vision 2040. His legacy as the architect of modern Oman encompasses significant advances in infrastructure, education, health, and culture, as well as his role in regional geopolitics, particularly in relations with Pakistan and India.

When Qaboos ascended to the throne, Oman was in a state of underdevelopment, and there were still six years left to finish the Dhzofar War. With a determined focus on modernization, he initiated a comprehensive development plan that encompassed all aspects of Omani life. The infrastructure of the country became one of his main priorities. Schools, hospitals, roads, and other essential infrastructures were built, raising the standard of living for the population. Education became a priority under his leadership, with programs aimed at promoting literacy and technical training, enabling Omani youth to access better job opportunities. His vision included the creation of universities and vocational training centers, which have played a crucial role in empowering new generations.

During his reign, Oman diversified its economic sources, moving from a near-exclusive dependence on oil to include sectors such as tourism, agriculture, and fishing. Economic diversification was key to building a resilient and sustainable economy. Investments were made in tourism infrastructure, leveraging the country’s cultural heritage and natural landscapes to attract international visitors. This contributed to job creation and sustainable development, ensuring the well-being of future generations.

Sultan Qaboos also played a crucial role in regional geopolitics, particularly concerning Oman’s relationships with Pakistan and India. Oman has historically maintained close ties with both countries, leveraging its strategic geographic position in the Strait of Hormuz, one of the world’s most important maritime routes.

With Pakistan, Qaboos cultivated a solid diplomatic relationship that allowed for cooperation in areas such as defense and trade. This alliance has been fundamental for regional stability, as both countries share common interests in combating extremism and promoting peace. Military collaboration and diplomatic visits between the two countries have strengthened their partnership, making Oman a valuable ally in the context of shared security challenges.

Regarding India, the relationship with Oman has been grounded in shared history and the Indian diaspora that has resided in the country for centuries. During his reign, Qaboos made efforts to strengthen trade and cultural ties with India, fostering an exchange that benefited both nations. Trade relations expanded, with agreements facilitating bilateral trade in products such as oil, food, and technology. His role as a mediator in regional tensions positioned Oman as a neutral and respected actor on the international stage.

Sultan Qaboos was widely admired for his approach to governance. From his early decisions, he aimed to promote national unity in a diverse country. His leadership style was inclusive and characterized by a firm willingness to listen to the needs and concerns of his people. He encouraged citizen participation in government through the creation of Consultative Councils, which provided a platform for citizens to express their opinions on matters of national interest. These councils have been essential in fostering constructive dialogue and ensuring that policies reflect the needs of the population.

Furthermore, the Sultan promoted tolerance and peaceful coexistence among different religious and ethnic communities in Oman. This approach was crucial for maintaining social stability in a region often fractured by sectarian divisions. Qaboos was a proponent of modernization and development, but always with a deep respect for Omani culture and traditions. This was reflected in his support for local culture and the arts, encouraging national identity and pride among Omanis.

His legacy also lies in his ability to navigate the complexities of the international arena. Qaboos established Oman as a sovereign and respected country, with an independent foreign policy that prioritized dialogue and diplomacy over confrontation. Unlike other leaders in the region, his approach avoided rigid alignments, allowing Oman to act as a mediator between different power blocs in the Middle East. His neutrality and ability to listen to both sides in regional conflicts enabled him to be a reliable interlocutor in various negotiations, from the Arab-Israeli conflict to tensions between Iran and Gulf countries.

Another significant aspect of Sultan Qaboos’s legacy was his dedication to promoting Omani cultural identity. He understood that a strong nation needs a solid cultural identity. Therefore, he initiated several cultural initiatives that celebrated the rich historical and cultural heritage of the country. Museums and cultural centers were built to preserve Oman’s traditions and history, and festivals were promoted to highlight Omani music, art, and dance.

Additionally, the Sultan was a staunch defender of the country’s architectural heritage. The reforms and constructions he carried out not only modernized the infrastructure but also integrated elements of traditional Omani design, ensuring that modernity did not overshadow the cultural identity of the country.

Legacy and Future

Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said left an indelible mark on the history of Oman and on the regional geopolitics. His work as the architect of modern Oman, combined with his focus on diplomacy and good governance, has established him as a leader whose transformative vision has led to prosperity and stability both in his country and throughout the region. His legacy continues to be a source of inspiration for future generations and a reminder of the importance of responsible leadership and commitment to sustainable development.

Following his passing, the world, and particularly Oman, faces the task of continuing his legacy. Under the leadership of his successor, Sultan Haitham bin Tariq, Omanis hope to continue advancing the principles that Qaboos established, maintaining their focus on modernization, political stability, and active diplomacy.

Ultimately, Sultan Qaboos not only modernized Oman but also left a legacy of peace and cooperation in a region often marked by conflict and division. His pragmatic and humanitarian approach to governance has laid the groundwork for a promising future in Oman, where development and tradition can coexist and thrive. As the country moves towards new frontiers, Qaboos’s influence represents not just a chapter in national history but also a reference point in the pursuit of balance between modernity and tradition in the Arab world.

Sources

«Oman: A Regional Power? The Role of the Sultan in the Gulf» – Gulf Studies Centre
This report analyzes Oman’s influence in the region and Sultan Qaboos’s role in promoting stability and cooperation in the Gulf region.

«Oman: A History» by June S. Beittel
This publication provides a comprehensive analysis of Oman’s history, including modernization under Sultan Qaboos and the development of policies in the region.

«The Modernization of Oman: A Study of the Sultanate’s Development Strategy» – Middle East Institute
This article examines the modernization and infrastructure policies implemented by Sultan Qaboos, as well as their effects on Omani society and economy.

«Oman: Politics and Society in the Qaboos Era» – by Mark C. Thompson, published in Middle East Journal
This study analyzes Oman’s internal politics and Sultan Qaboos’s role as a ruler, along with his approach to regional diplomacy.

«The Sultanate of Oman: A Historical Overview» – by Michael J. Tickner, in The Arab Gulf States and the West
This work offers insight into how Oman has managed its foreign relationships under Qaboos’s leadership, highlighting connections with Pakistan and India.